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For broiler breeders, the risks associated with housing in (individual) cages and practices such as feed restriction and/or mutilations (beak trimming, de-toeing, comb dubbing, de-clawing) are also assessed.

The European Commission also requested EFSA to assess specific scenarios related to the welfare of fast-growing broilers in barns and the risk associated with air and floor temperature, access to feed and water, space allowance and air quality. In addition, the Scientific Opinion identifies the hazards leading to these WCs and provides recommendations to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate the WCs. Based on the existing literature, reports and expert knowledge elicitations, this Opinion answers the general Terms of Reference (ToRs) and describes the currently used husbandry systems/practices for all broiler categories and the related welfare consequences (WCs) as well as associated animal-based measures (ABMs) (general ToRs). This Scientific Opinion includes the welfare assessment of the following broiler categories: day-old chicks, broiler breeders and broilers for meat production. Against this background, the European Commission requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to give an independent view on the protection of broilers during the different phases of the production cycle. A European Citizen Initiative (ECI) ‘end the cage age’ called for banning the use of (furnished) cages in species for which specific EU legislation exists (laying hens, pigs and calves). This Directive currently does not apply to hatcheries, holdings with fewer than 500 chickens, holdings with only breeding stock and holdings with free-range access. In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the European Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation, including Council Directive 2007/43/EC that lies down the minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Finally, ‘total mortality’, ‘wounds’, ‘carcass condemnation’ and ‘footpad dermatitis’ are proposed as indicators for monitoring at slaughter the welfare of broilers on-farm. stocking density, group size, nests, provision of litter, perches and platforms, drinkers and feeders, of covered veranda and outdoor range) for an enclosure for keeping broiler chickens (fast-growing, slower-growing and broiler breeders) are recommended. Recommendations are provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of broilers and related to genetic selection, temperature, feed and water restriction, use of cages, light, air quality and mutilations in breeders such as beak trimming, de-toeing and comb dubbing.

Measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate each of the WCs are listed.

A variety of hazards related to the different husbandry systems were identified as well as ABMs for assessing the different WCs. These WCs and their animal-based measures (ABMs) that can identify them are described in detail. Overall, 19 highly relevant welfare consequences (WCs) were identified based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: ‘bone lesions’, ‘cold stress’, ‘gastro-enteric disorders’, ‘group stress’, ‘handling stress’, ‘heat stress’, ‘isolation stress’, ‘inability to perform comfort behaviour’, ‘inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour’, ‘inability to avoid unwanted sexual behaviour’, ‘locomotory disorders’, ‘prolonged hunger’, ‘prolonged thirst’, ‘predation stress’, ‘restriction of movement’, ‘resting problems’, ‘sensory under- and overstimulation’, ‘soft tissue and integument damage’ and ‘umbilical disorders’. Currently used husbandry systems in the EU are described. This Scientific Opinion considers the welfare of domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus) related to the production of meat (broilers) and includes the keeping of day-old chicks, broiler breeders, and broiler chickens.

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